The Swedish liming programme

To mitigate the acidification problem in surface waters the Swedish government is funding a liming programme. Limestone or dolomite powder has been applied to acidified waters since 1976 and on a large scale since 1982. In most projects, limestone is applied directly to the lake, but in several cases supplementary liming is carried out on wetlands and in streams using dosers or other techniques. At present 7,500 Swedish lakes and more than 11,000 kilometers of streams are limed repeatedly with a total of some 200,000 tonne of limestone every year. In 1994 about US$ 25 million was invested by the Swedish government in the liming programme. The biological objective of the liming operations is to detoxify the water so that the natural fauna and flora can survive or recolonize. The chemical aim is to raise the pH above 6.0 and the alkalinity above 0.1 meq/l, which gives an acceptable buffering capacity. In addition, dissolved metals will be deposited after liming, thus reducing their toxicity. Overdosing must be avoided, with natural softwater characteristics being the objective. The chemical and biological effects in water of the liming operations are encouraging. The Swedish liming programme has so far resulted in restoration in 80–90% of the limed surface waters. The fauna often shows an initial dominance by a few species but diversity increases with time, In general, flora and fauna in limed waters show a great resemblance to those in waters not acidified. An undesired effect of liming is significant changes in mosses and lichens after wetland liming.     

The Andean hog-nosed skunk Conepatus chinga Molina, 1782 as a new definitive host for Spirometra erinacei Faust, Campbell & Kellog, 1929

This report describes the finding of Spirometra erinacei Faust, Campbell & Kellog, 1929 (Cestoda, Diphyllobothridae) infecting the small intestine of two Andean hog-nosed skunks (Conepatus chinga Molina, 1782), collected from the locality “Abra La Raya”, at Cusco, Peru. Four cestodes were studied and identified as S. erinacei. This is the first report showing that the Andean hog-nosed skunk is one of the natural hosts for this parasite.     

论商标反向假冒的性质——兼论我国商标反向假冒立法的完善

文中探讨了商标反向假冒行为的性质和立法完善。反向假冒行为既是商标侵权行为,也是不正当竞争行为。我国目前只是单一的用《商标法》对反向假冒行为进行规制,但这种立法模式不能有效地打击商标反向假冒行为,建议：进一步完善《商标法》和《反不正当竞争法》,以这两部法律对商标权人的权益进行基础性保护。然后,以《刑法》为后盾,打击严重的商标反向假冒犯罪行为。     

Surface water quality of factory-based and vegetable-based peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Detailed surveys of surface water in two contrasting peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region of China were conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as the speciation of N and P. A factory-based (FB) area was compared with a vegetable-based (VB) area during the dry season. The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water in the FB area were higher than those in the VB area, suggesting modest contamination of surface water with Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb but not Cd, from discharge of factory effluent in the FB area but not the VB area. Although total N (TN) and total P (TP) levels in the surface water were high in both areas, the surface water in the VB area had significantly higher levels of nitrate N (NO₃–N), organic N (ON) and TN than those in the FB area. In both areas, the levels of water-soluble P (WP), organic P (OP) and TP were high in the river water that received municipal wastewater. The distribution of N and P species throughout the surface water system indicated that the NO₃–N and ON mainly came from vegetable fields, while ammonium N (NH₄–N), WP and OP were mainly from municipal wastewater. Treatment of municipal wastewater prior to discharge to reduce N and P by purification is recommended together with research and extension to develop more efficient use of N and P fertilizer by vegetable farmers.     

狼窝沟小流域废弃煤窑生态修复技术初探

针对狼窝沟小流域山坡面积大、山高、坡陡和煤窑废弃后煤炭乱挖滥采现象仍较严重等状况,采取整地并客土、完善排水系统、工程和植被护坡、植被恢复等生态修复措施,以达到控制水土流失、提高土地利用率和增加当地群众收入的目的,为小流域的可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。     

河南农产品主产区农民收入增长因素分析

在对河南１８地市农村统计资料进行聚类、回归分析的基础上，找出了影响河南农产品主产区农民收入增长的因素。认为畜牧业、非农产业的发展是提高农民收入的关键因素，并提出农村产业结构调整等政策建议。     

广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量及时空分布特点

根据 198 9～ 1997年广东沿岸 12个采样点近江牡蛎 (CrassostrearivularisGould)体Cd的测定数据和有关历史资料 ,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量与时空分布特点。所有牡蛎体样品均检出Cd ,含量为( 0 .0 8～ 7.81)× 10 - 6,总平均值为 1.92× 10 - 6。粤东与粤西沿岸除个别样品外 ,绝大部分Cd含量均远低于评价标准 ,而珠江口沿岸样品的超标率则达到 2 5%。牡蛎体Cd含量的空间分布呈珠江口 >粤西 >粤东。1989～ 1997年 ,牡蛎体Cd含量的年际变化呈双峰分布 ,次高值和最高值分别出现在 1992年和 1995年 ,其余年份虽有波动 ,但无显著差异。     

1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。     

基于BP神经网络的离心泵关死点功率预测

离心泵关死点功率至今还不能通过理论计算求得。该文介绍了BP神经网络的结构和特点及其在离心泵性能预测领域的应用现状。基于BP神经网络建立了离心泵关死点功率的预测模型。给出了预测模型的输入模式,并应用试凑法确定了BP神经网络中间隐含层的数目。用46组数据该预测模型进行了训练并给出了神经网络权值和阈值,用3组数据该预测模型进行了仿真并对仿真结果进行了线性回归分析。研究结果表明:建立的离心泵关死点功率预测模型具有比较高的预测精度,其预测平均偏差为4%,可以应用于工程实践中离心泵关死点功率的理论求解。     

闽南海区休渔前后张网作业渔获物组成比较分析

本文主要根据2008年闽南海区张网作业渔业资源监测资料，对休渔前后（4月和8月）张网作业渔获物组成进行比较分析。结果表明：2008年休渔前后都以捕经济种类幼鱼为主。4月带鱼、二长棘鲷、刺鲳、鲐鱼、中华管鞭虾等主要经济种类渔获重量占总渔获物重量69．6％，其中带鱼幼鱼数量最多，占总渔获数量的26．2％（每网渔获尾数744ind），居第一位；且个体极小，基本上全为幼鱼，平均体重8．1g。8月带鱼、二长棘鲷、短尾大眼鲷、叫姑鱼、白姑鱼、须赤虾等主要经济种类渔获重量占总渔获物重量50．9％。带鱼数量明显减少（每网渔获尾数226ind），但个体增大，肛长140mm以上占63．6％，平均体重54．5g，比4月增加46．4g。并结合2004、2007年有关资料，较为详细说明休渔前（4月）张网作业对近岸经济幼鱼、幼体损害比休渔结束后（8月）严重，通过休渔对带鱼等经济种类幼鱼资源起了一定保护作用。